Hydraulic jump and water hammer

Hydraulic jump -:It is occurs when rapidly flowing of liquid in an open channel sudde- nly changes to a slowly flowing stream with a large cross - section area and sudden rise in elevtaion of liquid surface occurs. It is a very effective device for creating irrever- sibilities and commonly used at the end of chutes or the bottom of spillway to destroy much of kinetic energy in flow.this is the example of steady non- uniform flow. 

Water hammer-: water hammer is sudden stoppage result in a pressure wave which moves upstream with velocity of sound in the medium which is reflected back and fourth until dissipated by friction and im-perfect elasticity. Water hammer is caused due to sudden stoppage of water flow in a pipe .

Rise of pressure (p) due to sudden stopping of flow in a pipe is -

P = v / √ g/w ( 1/k +D/tE )

V = velocity of flow in pipe of diameter D , 

thikness t and coefficient of elasticity E

K = coefficient of bulk modulus of fluid, and

w = specific weight of fluid .