Standardization in operation management

Standardization refers to the reducing the variety of items to a minimum by fixing sizes, shapes, di-mensions and other quality characteristics of the item. A standardization process consists of criti-cally examining the items to be stocked or manu- factured for -

(a) The performance characteristics and the use characteristics.

(b) The uses to which these parts are intended.

Standardization helps in the product design by-

(a) Specifying rating of machines or equipments.  (b) Specifying methods of inspection and testing.

(c) Specifying physical and chemical properties of materials.

(d) Specifying a defined range for physical dimen-sions and tolerances of components.

(e) Specifying methods of installation.

DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING

Design for manufacturing is the structured metho -dology which guides the product designer during designing. It uses catalogs of information, guide- lines, checklists, tables, diagrams and graphs to help the designer develop a design plan , decom-pose products into components and assemblies, evaluate the production costs of product design and thus simplifies the product design. Design for manufacturing, thus refers to the processes which hvae been developed for reducing manufa-cturing cost without compromising the product quality.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS MCQ-:07

Q.1 What is the length of a second pendulum?

A. 100 cm

B. 75 cm

C. 99.4 cm

D. 95.3 cm

Ans-: C

Q.2 In second pendulum, the pendulum executes _____ per second. 

A. One beat

B. Two beat

C. Three beat

D. Four beat

Ans-: A

Q.3 Two forces can be equilibrium only if they are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear in action .

A. Law of superposition

B. Law of equilibrium 

C. Law of moments 

D. Law of dynamic friction

Ans-: B

Q.4 According to law of dynamic friction,  friction force ______ at a slow rate with the increase of speed.

A. Increases 

B. Constant 

C. Decrease 

D. Zero

Ans-: C

Q.5 When a body starts moving , the force of friction offered by the surface is called ___. 

A. Static friction 

B. Dynamic friction 

C. Limiting friction 

D. Force of friction 

Ans-: B

Q.6 A body in simple harmonic motion will have maximum velocity when it's amplitu-de is _____.

A. Zero

B. Maximum 

C. One

D. Minimum 

Ans-: A

Q.7 When a ship displace water equal to its own _____ it will not sink.

A. Volume 

B. Density 

C. Surface area

D. Weight 

Ans-: D

Q.8 The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends on the _____.

A. Density of Bob

B. It's effective length

C. Mass of Bob 

D. Weight of Bob 

Ans-: B

Q.9 For a falling body , the sum of kinetic and potential energy is ______.

A. Zero

B. Constant at all point

C. Maximum at starting point 

D. Minimum at starting point 

Ans-: B

Q.10 In simple harmonic motion the acce-leration is proportional to ____.

A. Velocity 

B. Displacement 

C. Distance 

D. Time 

Ans-: B

ENGINEERING MECHANICS MCQ-:06

Q.1 When the acceleration is proportional to displacement the motion is called ?

A. Gyroscopic 

B. Rotational 

C. Simple harmonic 

D. Angular 

Ans-: C

Q.2 In the universe, which type of force keeping the planets in a regular orbit ?

A. Magnetic force 

B. Gravitational force 

C. Electromagnetic force

D. Electrostatic force

Ans-: B

Q.3 A swinging pendulum eventually stops because its energy is ______.

A. Converted to heat energy

B. Converted to electrical energy 

C. Destroyed 

D. None of the above 

Ans-: A

Q.4 When the angle of projection is _____ the range of projectile is maximum. 

A. 90°

B. 45°

C. 30°

D. 180°

Ans-: B

Q.5 The escape velocity of a body on the earth remains unchanged with variation of _________.

A. Speed

B. Length 

C. Mass

D. Weight

Ans-: C

Q.6 The escape velocity is depends upon the ______.

A. Mass of the body 

B. Weight of the body

C. Speed of the body 

D. Planet 

Ans-: D

Q.7 Time in upward journey is ____ as in downward journey. 

A. Same

B. Maximum 

C. Minimum 

D. Depend on the distance 

Ans-: A

Q.8 When two systems are in resonance, then the following parameter for both is equal ?

A. Wavelength 

B. Frequency 

C. Intensity 

D. Amplitude 

Ans-: B

Q.9 According to law of static friction the magnitude of the force of friction,is always ______ to the applied force. 

A. Maximum 

B. Equal 

C. Minimum 

D. Greater than 

Ans-: B

Q.10 The force of friction depends upon the __________ of the surface. 

A. Area 

B. Roughness 

C. Thickness 

D. All of the above 

Ans-: B

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

                              TQM 

"TQM is an integrated managment approa-ch in satisfying customer needs in totality on a continuing basis through the involve-ment of each and every employee in orga-nization making continuous improve-ment on one side and an appropriate cost effec-tive technology alongwith proper solving methodology, on the other".

                 TQM means managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimen-sion of products and services that are the important to the customer. Main theme be-hind TQM is that the quality cannot be ins-pected into a product,  it need to be make right at the first time. It is possible to ach-ieve defect free work most of the time. This approach is called ' right first time ', ' every time 'or zero defects.This emphasize s use of continuous measurement,process control and the data driven elimination of scrap and rework. Most of the defects can be avoided by good design , structured process and trained people. 

Principles of TQM  

          TQM focuses at two levels. Firstly an external one aimed at identifying customer requirements and secondly an internal one focusing on organization, systems and the procedures to meet those requirements right the first time and every time. 

TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE

TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE 

In 1971, the Japan institute of plant maint-enance defined TPM as a system of maint-enance covering the entire life of the equi-pment in every division, including planning, manufacturing and maintenance. Because of its objective to increase equipment the productivity,  the term TPM ,is sometimes known as Total productivity management. TPM emphasizes preventive maintenance and transfer routine maintenance activity from specialized maintenance personnel to machine operators. 

             One of the most common cause of machine breakdowns in inadequate preve-ntive maintenance. The primary reason for inadequate preventive maintenance is due to the fact that preventive maintenance is generally assigned to specialized mainten-ance crews. As a result of which routine preventive maintenance gets neglected, ultimately leading to more frequent break-downs. This problem can be solved to a large extent by training the machine operat -ors to perform some of their own mainte-nance , especially preventive maintenance. This strategy is referred as total produc-tive maintenance. 

TPM involves everyone, from top execut-ives to shop-floor workers to promote the productive maintenance through the moral building management and small group act-ivities in an effort to maximize equipment efficiency. 

BATH TUB CURVE

                      Bath tub curve 

The general failure curve for commonly used electronic components is known as the bath tub curve due to its shape. It is generally the variation of failure rate of component with time. it can be considered as a summa-tion of three processes - An early failure pro-cess, A random failure process and A wear- out process.

During the initial stage of the product when it is new, it is more likely to fail. This period is termed as break-in period and failures are termed as infant or early failure. This high failure rate is due to design errors, manufacturing, defects or installation defects. This is the period of severe failure and debugging of these failure. These early failure can be minimized by improving production quality control , subjecting the parts to a proof test before they are" running in".

After passing through initial break-in period, failure occurs less frequently and eventually the failure rate reaches a constant value. The failure in this period are termed as service failure. These failure occurs randomly and do not follow any predictable pattern. The reason behind these failures are the random overloads or random flaws.

Finally, after a long time the material and the components began to deteriorated, as they have exceeded their service life. During this stage failure rate again accelerates and failures in this stage are appropriately term as wear-out failures.